#separator:tab #html:true #tags column:3 Maximum time without supplemental oxygen between 10,000 and 13,000 ft ASL 30 minutes (CAR 605.32) P1 P2 P3 P4 HAGAR module09 Altitude above which oxygen is ALWAYS mandatory 13,000 ft ASL, for the whole time above it P1 P3 P4 HAGAR module09 Minimum time between drinking alcohol and acting as a pilot (CAR 602.03) 12 hours (was 8 hours before December 2018). Recommended: 24 hours. P2 P3 P4 HAGAR module09 Wait after a no-decompression scuba dive before flying 12 hours; 24 hours after a decompression dive or before flight above 8,000 ft HAGAR module09 Two classic early warning signs of hypoxia Tingling in fingers and toes and euphoria (false well-being) P4 HAGAR module09 Treatment for hyperventilation Slow the breathing to 10–12 breaths per minute. NOT supplemental oxygen. P3 HAGAR module09 Medical certificate needed for Class E with a HAGAR, and how it is obtained Category 4 (or 1 or 3). Category 4 = witnessed declaration on form 26-0297; CAME exam only if a listed condition applies; allow 40 working days. P3 HAGAR module09 Temperature drop per 1,000 ft of climb (approx.) About 2 °C per 1,000 ft (6.5 °C per 1,000 m) P4 HAGAR module09 Minimum age to fly in Class E with a HAGAR 16 years P3 P4 HAGAR module10 HAGAR pass mark required by CAR 602.29 60% P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Equipment required on a paraglider for a Class E cross-country flight Magnetic compass and altimeter (no radio, no vario required) P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Where a two-way radio is legally required on a paraglider Class D airspace, a Mandatory Frequency (MF) area, the ADIZ P4 HAGAR module10 Six conditions to fly a paraglider in Class E airspace (CAR 602.29(3)) Age 16+ · Cat 1/3/4 medical · HAGAR ≥ 60% · compass + altimeter · cross-country flight · inform the nearest ATS unit (FIC/FSS) of departure time and duration P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Distance from an airport within which a paraglider may fly in controlled airspace with the airport operator's permission 5 NM from the centre of the airport (or the control zone of an uncontrolled airport) P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Lower limit of high-level airspace 18,000 ft ASL (all Class A in southern Canada) P4 HAGAR module10 Altitude above which low-level controlled airspace becomes Class B 12,500 ft ASL (or the minimum en-route altitude if higher), up to 18,000 ft P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Base of a low-level airway 2,200 ft AGL (Class E from there to 12,500 ft ASL) P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Basic width of a low-level VHF airway 8 NM (4 NM each side of the centreline) P4 HAGAR module10 Airspace class of a low-level air route Class G (uncontrolled); no authorisation needed P3 HAGAR module10 The only uncontrolled airspace class Class G P2 P4 HAGAR module10 Class C entry requirement for VFR Two-way radio contact and an ATC clearance before entering (ATC may refuse) P3 HAGAR module10 Class D entry requirement for VFR Two-way radio contact with ATC before entering (ATC cannot refuse a pilot who meets the conditions) P3 HAGAR module10 Class F abbreviations and the letter (H) CYA = advisory, CYR = restricted; (H) = hang gliding activity HAGAR module10 VFR minima in controlled airspace Visibility 3 miles; cloud 500 ft vertically, 1 mile horizontally P3 P4 HAGAR module10 VFR minima in uncontrolled airspace at or above 1,000 ft AGL (day) Visibility 1 mile; cloud 500 ft vertically, 2,000 ft horizontally P2 P3 HAGAR module10 VFR minima in uncontrolled airspace below 1,000 ft AGL (day) Visibility 2 miles; clear of cloud P3 HAGAR module10 Minimum distance from any person, vessel, vehicle or structure (not built-up area) 500 ft (CAR 602.14) P2 HAGAR module10 Minimum altitude over a built-up area or open-air assembly for a paraglider 1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 500 ft horizontally, and able to land safely in an emergency (aeroplanes: within 2,000 ft) P4 HAGAR module10 Forest fire restriction No flight below 3,000 ft AGL within 5 NM of a forest fire area, plus NOTAM restrictions P2 HAGAR module10 VFR cruising altitudes above 3,000 ft AGL Track 000–179: odd thousands + 500 (3,500, 5,500…); track 180–359: even thousands + 500 (4,500, 6,500…). IFR: whole thousands. P3 P4 HAGAR module10 Minimum height over an aerodrome (except landing/take-off) 2,000 ft (CAR 602.96) P3 HAGAR module10 Normal dimensions of an MF area 5 NM radius, up to 3,000 ft above the aerodrome; radio required P3 HAGAR module10 When to make the first radio report entering an MF area At least 5 minutes before entering: position, altitude, intentions HAGAR module10 Formation flight rule (CAR 602.24) Only by pre-arrangement between the pilots; inside a control zone also with ATC P4 HAGAR module10 A missing aircraft is, for the TSB, a… Reportable accident — report as soon as possible by the quickest means P3 HAGAR module10 Legal definition of 'day' in the CARs From the beginning of morning civil twilight to the end of evening civil twilight (≈ 30 min before sunrise to 30 min after sunset) P2 HAGAR module10 Night flying for hang gliders and paragliders Never permitted (CAR 602.29(1)(a)) P4 HAGAR module10 Is a helmet required by the CARs on a paraglider? Yes — CAR 602.29(1)(f): every person on board must wear a protective helmet and be secured by a restraint P4 HAGAR module10 When may a paraglider carry a second person (CAR 602.29)? Only for dual flight instruction (the legal basis of tandem flights) P4 module10 HAGAR exam format 40 multiple-choice, 2½ hours, 60% to pass; retest wait 14 days, then 30 days P3 HAGAR module10 Where to find frequencies for an aerodrome Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) and the VNC P3 HAGAR module10 Where to find the location and base of controlled airspace VNC, VTA, Designated Airspace Handbook — any of them P3 HAGAR module10 Legal name for a paraglider in the CARs A hang glider: glider for ≤ 2 persons, launch weight ≤ 45 kg P3 P4 HAGAR module10 A paraglider with a powered harness is legally… A basic ultra-light aeroplane, even with the engine off; needs $100,000 liability insurance; not HPAC-insured P3 P4 module10 Scale of a VNC and what 1 cm represents 1:500,000; 1 cm = 5 km ≈ 3 statute miles ≈ 2.7 NM HAGAR P4 module11 Projection used for VNC charts Lambert conformal conic: straight line ≈ great circle, constant scale, meridians converge HAGAR module11 1 minute of latitude equals 1 nautical mile HAGAR module11 Magnetic variation is… The angle between true north and magnetic north at a point (isogonic lines on the chart) HAGAR P4 module11 Magnetic deviation is… Compass error caused by magnetic fields inside the aircraft HAGAR module11 Convert true heading to magnetic heading Add west variation, subtract east variation ("East is least, West is best") HAGAR module11 Compass turning error in the northern hemisphere Turning from north: compass lags (shows opposite turn); from south: leads HAGAR module11 Compass acceleration error (ANDS) On east/west headings: Accelerate → shows North, Decelerate → shows South; none on north/south headings HAGAR module11 Standard sea-level pressure and temperature 29.92 inHg / 1013.2 hPa at 15 °C; pressure falls ≈ 1 inHg per 1,000 ft HAGAR module11 Emergency frequency 121.5 MHz HAGAR module11 En-route frequency in uncontrolled airspace 126.7 MHz HAGAR module11 Default aerodrome traffic frequency when none is published 123.2 MHz HAGAR module11 Frequency allocated to gliders 123.4 MHz HAGAR module11 Distress call vs urgency call MAYDAY ×3 = distress (immediate danger); PAN PAN ×3 = urgency HAGAR module11 Zulu (UTC) to local standard time: Newfoundland / Atlantic / Eastern −3½ / −4 / −5 hours (one hour less in daylight time) HAGAR module11 Zulu (UTC) to local standard time: Central / Mountain / Pacific −6 / −7 / −8 hours (one hour less in daylight time; Saskatchewan always −6) HAGAR module11 Minimum altitude near caribou, reindeer, moose, musk-oxen and wildlife refuges 2,000 ft AGL HAGAR module11 Fur farm markings Chrome-yellow and black stripes; red flag in whelping season (February–May) HAGAR module11 What causes wake turbulence and who makes it Wing-tip vortices, a by-product of lift; all fixed- and rotary-wing aircraft; worst behind heavy, slow, clean aircraft; sinks and drifts downwind HAGAR P2 module11 How NOTAMs are distributed By telecommunication (aeronautical network and radio); online at NAV CANADA; ICAO format since 2019 HAGAR P3 module11 Radio language(s) in Canada English or French (French in Quebec and the Ottawa region if initiated in French) HAGAR module11 Groundspeed formula Groundspeed = airspeed − headwind (or + tailwind). The wing only feels airspeed. P1 P2 module01 How drag changes when speed doubles Four times (drag ∝ speed²) P2 module01 Aspect ratio formula span² ÷ area (10 m span, 25 m² → 4.0) P4 module01 Speed for most TIME in the air vs most DISTANCE in still air Time: minimum sink. Distance: best glide (best L/D), which is slightly faster. P2 P4 module01 Speed to fly in headwind or sink / in tailwind or lift Headwind or sink: faster than best glide. Tailwind or lift: slower. P2 P4 module01 Effect of higher wing loading on stall Same stall angle of attack, higher stall speed; all speeds up, sink rate up, best L/D unchanged P2 P4 module01 Effect of a wet wing Stall speed increases, deep-stall tendency increases, lines may shrink P3 module01 Angle of attack when entering rising air / sinking air Rising air: AoA increases (wing pitches back). Sinking air: AoA decreases (wing surges forward). P4 module01 Wait time behind the previous glider launching in light wind 30 seconds (wake turbulence) P2 module02 Which side of the landing field to lose height in strong wind, and why Upwind side, so you still reach the field if you cannot penetrate the headwind († on P2) P2 module02 Wind gradient is strongest… In stronger wind and over rough ground. Speed up near the ground when landing in wind. P2 module02 Four places to expect rotor Lee side of a hill/ridge; base of a cliff (upwind); behind a rounded top with a steep back; behind any obstacle. Stronger wind → stronger, further back. P2 module03 After a warm day in the mountains, wind and temperature dropping fast: expect… Widespread smooth lift over the valley (evening restitution / glass-off) († on P3) P3 module03 Valley and slope winds by day and by night Day: upslope (anabatic) and up-valley. Night: downslope (katabatic) and down-valley. († on P4) P4 module03 Best lift under a cumulus cloud is on the… Windward (upwind) side P4 module03 Dry and saturated adiabatic lapse rates Dry ≈ 3 °C / 1,000 ft; saturated ≈ 1.5 °C / 1,000 ft. Lapse rate greater in unsaturated air. P4 module04 Northern-hemisphere rotation of highs and lows High: clockwise, descending, stable. Low: counter-clockwise, rising, unstable. P3 P4 module04 Wind change descending from 3,000 ft AGL to the ground (NH) Backs (turns counter-clockwise) and decreases P4 module04 Distance an average gust front can reach ahead of a thunderstorm About 15 km (large storms 25 km and more) P3 module04 Escape direction from widespread lift and rapid cloud build-up Upwind P3 P4 module04 Units for wind in Canadian METAR/TAF Degrees true and knots P4 HAGAR module04 Head-on: what do both aircraft do? Both alter heading to the right P2 P4 HAGAR module05 Category right-of-way order Powered aircraft give way to airships, gliders, balloons; gliders give way to balloons; powered give way to towing/slung-load aircraft P4 HAGAR module05 HPAC ridge rules (four) Head-on: give way to the right. Overtake between the glider and the ridge. Reverse turns away from the hill. Lowest glider has right of way. P2 module05 HPAC thermal rules First glider sets the turn direction; the higher glider gives way to a lower one out-climbing it; clear your turns P2 P4 module05 Brake input that typically causes a full stall Holding ¾ or more of the brake travel (or an abrupt pull past it) P3 P4 module06 WORST action when the wing has stalled behind you Letting the brakes fully up immediately (massive surge). Hold until overhead, then release smoothly. P3 module06 Spin recovery always requires… Unstalling the wing: hands up. It may need trim speed, a full stall, or > 500 ft. P2 P3 P4 module06 Deep stall recovery Lower the angle of attack: hands up, push A-risers, speed bar. Never brake. P3 P4 module06 True statement about reserve deployment It may require collapsing the main to prevent down-planing. Not at first sign of trouble; not guaranteed above 300 ft; rehearse mentally. P3 module06 HPAC P3 operating limits: wind, gusts, brake, thermals Base wind 25 km/h, gusts 30 km/h, gust change 8 km/h in 5 s; brake ≤ ¾; thermals ≤ 800 fpm, none under building clouds P3 module08 HPAC P2 wind limit Avoid wind above ⅔ of the glider's trim speed P2 module08 P3 logbook minimums (SOP 410-9) 90 flights, 60 hours, 30 flying days + HAGAR + TS and CR endorsements P3 module14 P4 logbook minimums (SOP 410-9) 250 flights, 120 hours (60 in thermals), 80 flying days + SIV endorsement + HAGAR P4 module14 TTICE (SOP 432-1) key numbers 100 tandems in the previous 12 months; valid 90 days; HAGAR + P4 exam + letters from a T2 and a Senior Instructor P4 module14 HPAC exam pass rules 75% + all † questions. P3: also 15/20 air regs. P4: also 15/25 per section and 5/5 cause and recovery. P2 P3 P4 module00 Unit conversions: 1 NM, 1 statute mile, 1 knot, 1,000 ft 1 NM = 1.85 km; 1 SM = 1.6 km; 1 kt = 1.85 km/h; 1,000 ft ≈ 300 m HAGAR P4 module00 Obstruction labelled 1993 (1173) on a VNC 1,993 ft ASL (top above sea level), 1,173 ft AGL (above ground) in brackets HAGAR module12 Maximum elevation figure (MEF) shown as big 2, small raised 3 2,300 ft ASL: highest terrain or obstacle in that grid square, rounded up HAGAR module12 Aerodrome data block: NAME 815 50 122.825 Elevation 815 ft, runway 5,000 ft (hundreds of feet), frequency 122.825 HAGAR module12 Hard solid blue line around an airport from the surface A control zone; ceiling printed inside (e.g. 4500) HAGAR module12 Shaded blue band with a floor number (e.g. 3500) and jagged inner edge Controlled airspace boundary (TCA Class C or control area extension Class E); you are in it only above the printed floor HAGAR module12 Airspace at a point below every printed floor and outside control zones Transition area (Class E from 700 ft AGL) or CAE (2,200 ft AGL) if drawn; otherwise Class G HAGAR module12 Decode CYR 518 and CYA 118 (A)(T)(H) CY + R restricted (no entry when active) / A advisory (enter with care); letters: (A) aerobatics, (T) training, (H) hang gliding, (P) parachuting, (S) soaring, (M) military, (F) test HAGAR module12 Chart grid lines and ticks Lines every 30 minutes, ticks every 1 minute; coordinates in degrees, minutes, tenths HAGAR module12 Where do you read the magnetic variation on the chart? On the nearest isogonic line (dashed, labelled e.g. 12°W). True → magnetic: add west. HAGAR module12 6 cm on a 1:500,000 chart 30 km ≈ 16 NM ≈ 19 SM (1 cm = 5 km) HAGAR module12