Key numbers card

Print this page and read it every day. The numbers are in the units the exams use. Metric equivalents are in brackets only to help you picture them; answer in the exam units.

Oxygen, alcohol, medical

Item	Number
Max time without oxygen between 10,000 and 13,000 ft ASL (3,050–3,960 m)	30 minutes
Oxygen always mandatory above	13,000 ft ASL (3,960 m)
Oxygen supply to carry	For the whole period it is required
Alcohol before flying (CAR 602.03)	12 hours (24 h recommended)
Flying after a no-decompression scuba dive	12 h (24 h after decompression dives or before flight above 8,000 ft)
Category 4 medical processing time	40 working days (form 26-0297)
Temperature drop with height	≈ 2 °C per 1,000 ft
Dry / saturated lapse rate	3 °C / 1.5 °C per 1,000 ft

Airspace

Item	Number
High-level airspace (Class A) begins	18,000 ft ASL (5,490 m)
Class B in low-level airspace begins	12,500 ft ASL (3,810 m)
Low-level airway: base / class below 12,500	2,200 ft AGL (670 m) / Class E
Low-level airway width	8 NM (4 NM each side; 14.8 km)
Low-level air route	Class G
MF area	5 NM radius, 3,000 ft above the aerodrome (9.3 km, 915 m)
First MF report	5 minutes before entering
Controlled airspace near an airport with operator's permission	within 5 NM of the airport
Minimum age for Class E with HAGAR	16
HAGAR pass mark (CAR 602.29 and the exam)	60%
Over an aerodrome (except landing/take-off)	not below 2,000 ft

Distances from people, clouds, fires

Item	Number
From any person, vessel, vehicle, structure	500 ft (150 m)
Over a built-up area / crowd, paraglider	1,000 ft above the highest obstacle within 500 ft (aeroplanes: within 2,000 ft)
Forest fire	not below 3,000 ft AGL within 5 NM
Wildlife herds, refuges	not below 2,000 ft AGL
Controlled airspace VFR	3 miles visibility, 500 ft / 1 mile from cloud
Uncontrolled, ≥ 1,000 ft AGL (day)	1 mile visibility, 500 ft / 2,000 ft from cloud
Uncontrolled, < 1,000 ft AGL (day)	2 miles visibility, clear of cloud

Cruising altitudes (above 3,000 ft AGL, southern Canada, magnetic track)

Track	VFR	IFR
000°–179°	odd + 500 (3,500, 5,500, 7,500…)	odd thousands
180°–359°	even + 500 (4,500, 6,500, 8,500…)	even thousands

Charts, compass, radio, time

Item	Number
VNC scale	1:500,000; 1 cm = 5 km ≈ 3 SM ≈ 2.7 NM
1 minute of latitude	1 NM
Standard pressure	29.92 inHg / 1013.2 hPa at 15 °C; ≈ 1 inHg per 1,000 ft
Variation rule (true → magnetic)	add west, subtract east
Compass turning error	from north lags, from south leads
Acceleration error	Accelerate North, Decelerate South (east/west headings)
Emergency / en route / default aerodrome / gliders / chat	121.5 / 126.7 / 123.2 / 123.4 / 122.75 MHz
Distress / urgency	MAYDAY ×3 / PAN PAN ×3
UTC to standard local: NL / AT / ET / CT / MT / PT	−3½ / −4 / −5 / −6 / −7 / −8 (one hour less in summer; Saskatchewan always −6)
Fur farm red flag season	February–May

Flying numbers

Item	Number
Wait behind previous glider (light wind)	30 s
Drag when speed doubles	× 4
Aspect ratio	span² ÷ area
Brake input that stalls	¾ or more
P2 wind limit	⅔ of trim speed
P3 limits	wind 25 km/h, gusts 30 km/h, gust change 8 km/h in 5 s, thermals ≤ 800 fpm (4 m/s), clearance 300 ft / 250 ft
Gust front reach (average storm)	≈ 15 km
Reserve repack	every year

Ratings and exams

Item	Number
HPAC exam pass	75% + all † (P3: also 15/20 air regs; P4: also 15/25 per section, 5/5 cause & recovery)
HAGAR	40 questions, 2½ h, 60%; retest after 14 days, then 30 days
P2	25 flights + one endorsement + exam
P3	90 flights, 60 h, 30 days + HAGAR + TS + CR + exam
P4	250 flights, 120 h (60 thermal), 80 days + SIV + HAGAR + exam
TTICE	100 tandems / 12 months, 90 days validity
Legal hang glider	≤ 2 persons, launch weight ≤ 45 kg
Paramotor liability insurance	$100,000

Units

1 ft	0.305 m (1,000 ft ≈ 300 m)
1 statute mile	1.6 km
1 nautical mile	1.85 km = 1.15 SM
1 knot	1.85 km/h (10 kt ≈ 19 km/h)
100 fpm	≈ 0.5 m/s (800 fpm ≈ 4 m/s)